Knee Pain: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Knee pain can occur for many reasons, most commonly because of overuse, injuries or arthritis. You can experience knee pain at any age, but older people are more likely to develop it due to degeneration of the joint, a condition known as osteoarthritis.

Depending on what’s causing your pain, you may feel better with rest, anti-inflammatory medication and ice. If you have a more severe injury, you may need a procedure or a surgery.

Surgeons often use minimally invasive types of surgery (arthroscopic surgery) to repair damage to the knee like torn tendons or ligaments. These types of injuries can cause knee instability and pain. In cases when the damage is severe, your healthcare provider may recommend knee replacement surgery.

Knee pain

Knee anatomy

The knee is made of

Skin.
Muscles.
Bones.
Cartilage - protective lining and shock absorber for the bones.
Meniscus - a type of cartilage to cushion deep in the joint.
Tendons- fibers that connect muscles to bones.
Ligaments- tissues that attach bones to other bones.
Bursa- thin protective pads under the skin.

What are the possible causes of knee pain?

Many conditions and injuries can make your knees hurt. Some common knee pain causes can include overuse, injuries and arthritis.

Overuse

Repetitive activities can lead to pain Some examples are:

Patellofemoral pain (runner’s knee): pain under or around the kneecap, often related to mechanics, shape of the knee cap, or
Osgood-Schlatter disease: In children, swelling in the shinbone below the kneecap due to overuse.
Tendonitis, involving the quadriceps or patella tendon: repetitive jumping sports such as volleyball or basketball.

Injury

Sudden trauma can damage parts of your knee joint. Common knee injuries can include:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury or medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury: Damage to the main stabilizing ligaments of the knee.
Bursitis: Inflammation (swelling) of the fluid-filled sacs that cushion the knee joint.
Kneecap dislocation: Movement out of place by your kneecap (the bone that covers your knee).
Meniscus tear: Tear in the knee’s cartilage (slippery tissue that helps bones move together smoothly).

Arthritis

Arthritis is a condition that can impact many different joints in your body. When you have arthritis in your knee, it causes the joint to swell. This can be a painful condition. Arthritis in your knee is more likely to develop over time as you age. There are several different types of arthritis that can affect the knees, including:

Rheumatoid arthritis: This type of arthritis is an autoimmune disease, which means that it attacks the joints of the body, causing inflammation (swelling) and breaking them down.
Osteoarthritis: This type of arthritis is characterized by a breakdown of cartilage in your joint over a period of time. Body weight can play a big role in your joint health. Being overweight can place extra stress on the knee. This can cause pain. Maintaining a healthy body weight by regularly exercising and eating a nutritious diet can reduce your risk of joint pain.

How can I manage knee pain?

Treatment for knee pain depends on what’s causing it and how uncomfortable it makes you.

Mild knee injuries often improve with rest, ice and anti-inflammatory medications. Wearing a brace can stabilize your knee while it recovers.
If arthritis is causing knee pain, your treatment may include medication and physical therapy.
Doctors can usually repair tendon and ligament tears with minimally invasive surgery, if necessary.
More serious knee pain may require knee replacement surgery.

No matter what caused your knee pain, physical therapy exercises can strengthen the muscles supporting your knee to help relieve discomfort.